Gholamreza Esmaeeli azar; Baqer Shamlou; Keyoumars Kalantary
Abstract
In the present age, with the increasing growth of new science and technologies, fundamental changes in values and norms, and the multiplicity and entanglement of social and political systems; The nature, form, variety and manner of committing crimes have also changed a lot. Given that crime emerges in ...
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In the present age, with the increasing growth of new science and technologies, fundamental changes in values and norms, and the multiplicity and entanglement of social and political systems; The nature, form, variety and manner of committing crimes have also changed a lot. Given that crime emerges in the context of social conditions, in this study, in an interdisciplinary study between criminology and strategic sciences with a "descriptive-analytical" method and using the criterion of modern social classification, we seek to divide Present a new classification of crimes in accordance with the complex conditions mentioned above. According to the achievements of this study, unlike the major classification system, inspired by the model of "community management system in modern perception" as well as strategic science data, crimes in three new levels: 1- Strategic or imaginary-paradigm crimes ; 2- We have classified tactological or managerial crimes and 3- technological or individual and technological crimes. In this regard, contrary to the common perception in the alloying of crimes into Micro and Macro crimes, this research in the new alloy, crimes in four layers Nano, Micro, Macro And Super is divided according to the two criteria of Sibel or the target environment of the crime and on the other hand the damages. Finally, by combining the above topics, in a matrix structure, a new classification of crimes in the form of a doctrine can be achieved, which in this research is referred to as "crime Rating ".
asghar ahmadi; ghodratallah khosroshahi
Abstract
Green or ecological victimology is a branch of Green criminology which emerged with a critical origin of the criminal justice system to oppose the classic victimology in 1990s. While classic victimology considers human as victim, the green one, by going beyond this approach, holds that human ...
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Green or ecological victimology is a branch of Green criminology which emerged with a critical origin of the criminal justice system to oppose the classic victimology in 1990s. While classic victimology considers human as victim, the green one, by going beyond this approach, holds that human and nature and its components including water, air, soil, earth, trees, plants, animals, and certainly future generations could be green victims. As a result, there are two of philosophical and legal approaches which might be applied. The philosophical one which discusses intrinsic value asks if the environment could be recognized as a victim or not. There are two answers; being anthropocentric, nature is regarded as a human right, meaning that only human could be green victims. However, the nature-oriented approach puts human and nature in the same level and believes that nature could also be green victim. In addition to the philosophical approach, there is the legal approach which, apart from the philosophical point of view, identifies green victims by the means of law. This study attempts to identify the green victims and explain the range of legal protections for green victims and the challenges which are ahead.
